政府公佈的長遠房屋策略督導委員會諮詢報告,指公眾普遍支持長策會提出的「供應主導」政策方針。報告指不少人提出恢復租務管制,包括租金管制和租住權保護,以減輕基層市民及「劏房」租戶所承受的經濟壓力。運房局局長張炳良說政府會研究租管的利弊,並重申政府一向對租管有保留。
租務管制和最低工資都是經濟學必修課題,任何修讀過基礎經濟學課程的人都接觸過有關理論和實證。對港人來說,最低工資是新鮮事物,2011年5月才正式推行,故此其成效及對社會的利弊言之尚早。過去幾年香港正處於勞動人口增長期,自由行帶旺餐飲零售業,最低工資並沒有導致失業率上升。但日後當經濟處於下滑周期時,最低工資的負面效果便可能湧現。
至於租務管制,對港人來說已不是新鮮事物。根據中大學者姚松炎的研究,自1921年實施租管後,直至2004年完全取消,總共有83年歷史。經過這麼長的歷史驗證,租管的利弊,是否能夠減輕基層市民在住房方面的經濟壓力,結論已十分清晰,實毋須再花時間和精神再作研究。
筆者完全贊同姚松炎對租管的看法。首先,租管是不公義的,政府沒有理由強制小業主(不少是長者,依靠收租過活)收取低於市值的租金,變相充公私人財產,用作減輕基層市民的租金支出。政府要幫助低收入家庭住屋,可以提供公屋或者租金津貼,亦可以鼓勵非牟利機構(例如房協)興建廉租屋出租給這類家庭。姚松炎更提議政府在市場租入大批物業,再以便宜租金轉租給有需要的家庭。
另外,眾所周知租管實際上難以執行。在租管下,業主可以巧立名目,在租金以外收取鞋金、鎖匙金、頂手費和家具費。例如一個100平方呎的劏房,市值月租4,500元,呎租45元,較豪宅還貴;市民要求政府出手干預,每呎月租只可收20元,即月租限制在2,000元的水平。業主知道每月被政府搶走2,500元,兩年(24個月)租約合共失去6萬元,便會想盡辦法取回這6萬元。
其中一個辦法就是要求租客繳付6萬元鞋金或者頂手費,才可以租住這個劏房。結果反而害了低收入租戶,需要一次過繳付大筆費用才可入住,大大加重他們的經濟負擔。
倘若業主不能巧立名目收取額外費用,眼見租金被削,自然降低他們把物業出租的意欲,情願把物業空置,等待善價而沽。現時在沒有租管下,由於利率偏低,不少業主情願把物業空置,方便炒賣。政府一旦再引入租管,肯定令私樓的空置率飆升。
即使政府有能力強迫現有業主以低價出租物業,他們也會想盡辦法降低出租成本,包括削減維修費用,令物業日久失修,變得殘破。之後就會以進行大型修葺為由把租客驅逐,收回單位改作其他用途(包括改建成旅館)。結果在租管下,出租單位的供應大減,不少租戶沒法覓得居所,要露宿街頭,或者居住在僭建單位之內。著名經濟學家張五常對租管帶來的後患,曾經作過深入研究,值得參考。現時個別地區的舊樓殘破不堪,出現安全問題,相信與過去實施租管有一定關係。
政府若想處理租金高昂的問題,始終要由增加房屋供應着手,除了增加新樓供應外,還要處理大量二手住宅單位的空置問題。不應再浪費時間去研究租管的利弊,令小業主和租客變得對立,進一步激化社會矛盾。
林本利
周一至周六刊出
蘋論:月租二千 鞋金六萬
http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20140307/18648566
Showing posts with label 最低工資. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 最低工資. Show all posts
Friday, March 7, 2014
Tuesday, January 28, 2014
<經濟> 最低工資求選票 美國也成福利國
昨日一篇提發有關最低工資的筆戰,今天亦有相關文章。事件關於美國要提高最低工資,即使共和黨的議員亦有為選票要贊成通過方案。可能這是民主社會的負面結果,但最起碼他們對得住他們的選民。
奧巴馬政府上任以來不斷提出福利政策,雖然出發點是打撃貧富差距,但亦令美國走上像歐洲一樣福利主義之路。
經濟學者對最低工資的觀點依然充滿爭議,再加上現實社會中受政治的影響,這話題可說是沒完沒了。
『據美聯社最新消息,美國超過30個州已經通過或支持提高最低工資法案,凸顯收入不平問題的熱度高漲。
本法案主要受各州議會的民主黨議員推動,希望在全國範圍內將最低工資提高到7.25美元/小時以上。根據白宮工作人員透露,奧巴馬計劃於1月28日發表的2014年度國情咨文中強調貧富差距的嚴重性,將正式把推動提高最低工資的法案列入政府的施政目標。
據美國昆尼皮亞克大學的調查顯示,71%的美國人希望提高最低工資,其中包含過半數的共和黨人。
但是根據美國智庫皮尤研究中心去年12月公布的調查報告顯示,驢像兩黨對造成貧困原因有截然不同的看法。民主黨的大部分支持者(61%)認為,超出個人掌控的社會環境因素是導致貧困的主要原因。而共和黨的支持者(51%)則正好相反,認為個人努力不夠是貧困的主要原因。所以本次最低工資法案通過的主要阻力來自於共和黨方面。
可以預見,如何解決貧富差距將成為兩黨之間爭論,特別是在今年下半年舉行的國會中期選舉和圍繞著是否通過提高最低工資的法案的辯論中成為新的焦點。
來自共和黨方面的的主要反對理由是強制提高工資可能導致就業崗位減少以及消費成本上升。所以,在共和黨控制的佛羅裡達及南卡羅來納州等州通過幾率渺茫。
去年已經改有5個州通過了最低工資法案,其中愛荷華州將最低工資油7.25美元/小時提高至10.1美元/小時;羅德島州將最低工資由8美元/小時提升至9美元/小時;華盛頓特區、舊金山和聖何塞等城市都已批准調高至大約10美元。』
提高最低工資成為美國兩黨爭論焦點 - 华尔街见闻 28/1/2014
Source:
http://wallstreetcn.com/node/74261
『Lawmakers in at least 30 states are sponsoring or are expected to introduce wage hike measures, according to a national review by The Associated Press. They hope to notch state-level victories as President Barack Obama and congressional Democrats remain stymied in attempts to raise the federal minimum wage above $7.25 an hour. The president is expected to mention the minimum wage in his State of the Union address Tuesday.
Even in Republican-dominated capitals where the bills are longshots, the measures still give Democrats a chance to hammer home the popular theme of fair wages in what is an election year in most places.
"It's a no-brainer for any Democrat," said Neil Sroka, a strategist for progressive groups who is communications director at the Howard Dean-founded Democracy for America. "Congress is failing. They can take real action right in the states and have a demonstrable impact right here at home. For politics and policy, it's a winning strategy."
Minimum wage is a perennial issue that has taken on a higher profile amid the slowly recovering economy and growing public debate about income inequality. A Quinnipiac University poll this month found 71 percent of Americans in favor of raising the minimum wage — including more than half of Republicans polled.
...
Source
http://bigstory.ap.org/article/minimum-wage-bills-pushed-least-30-states
奧巴馬政府上任以來不斷提出福利政策,雖然出發點是打撃貧富差距,但亦令美國走上像歐洲一樣福利主義之路。
經濟學者對最低工資的觀點依然充滿爭議,再加上現實社會中受政治的影響,這話題可說是沒完沒了。
『據美聯社最新消息,美國超過30個州已經通過或支持提高最低工資法案,凸顯收入不平問題的熱度高漲。
本法案主要受各州議會的民主黨議員推動,希望在全國範圍內將最低工資提高到7.25美元/小時以上。根據白宮工作人員透露,奧巴馬計劃於1月28日發表的2014年度國情咨文中強調貧富差距的嚴重性,將正式把推動提高最低工資的法案列入政府的施政目標。
據美國昆尼皮亞克大學的調查顯示,71%的美國人希望提高最低工資,其中包含過半數的共和黨人。
但是根據美國智庫皮尤研究中心去年12月公布的調查報告顯示,驢像兩黨對造成貧困原因有截然不同的看法。民主黨的大部分支持者(61%)認為,超出個人掌控的社會環境因素是導致貧困的主要原因。而共和黨的支持者(51%)則正好相反,認為個人努力不夠是貧困的主要原因。所以本次最低工資法案通過的主要阻力來自於共和黨方面。
可以預見,如何解決貧富差距將成為兩黨之間爭論,特別是在今年下半年舉行的國會中期選舉和圍繞著是否通過提高最低工資的法案的辯論中成為新的焦點。
來自共和黨方面的的主要反對理由是強制提高工資可能導致就業崗位減少以及消費成本上升。所以,在共和黨控制的佛羅裡達及南卡羅來納州等州通過幾率渺茫。
去年已經改有5個州通過了最低工資法案,其中愛荷華州將最低工資油7.25美元/小時提高至10.1美元/小時;羅德島州將最低工資由8美元/小時提升至9美元/小時;華盛頓特區、舊金山和聖何塞等城市都已批准調高至大約10美元。』
提高最低工資成為美國兩黨爭論焦點 - 华尔街见闻 28/1/2014
Source:
http://wallstreetcn.com/node/74261
『Lawmakers in at least 30 states are sponsoring or are expected to introduce wage hike measures, according to a national review by The Associated Press. They hope to notch state-level victories as President Barack Obama and congressional Democrats remain stymied in attempts to raise the federal minimum wage above $7.25 an hour. The president is expected to mention the minimum wage in his State of the Union address Tuesday.
Even in Republican-dominated capitals where the bills are longshots, the measures still give Democrats a chance to hammer home the popular theme of fair wages in what is an election year in most places.
"It's a no-brainer for any Democrat," said Neil Sroka, a strategist for progressive groups who is communications director at the Howard Dean-founded Democracy for America. "Congress is failing. They can take real action right in the states and have a demonstrable impact right here at home. For politics and policy, it's a winning strategy."
Minimum wage is a perennial issue that has taken on a higher profile amid the slowly recovering economy and growing public debate about income inequality. A Quinnipiac University poll this month found 71 percent of Americans in favor of raising the minimum wage — including more than half of Republicans polled.
...
Opponents, many of them Republicans, argue that the higher wages translate into fewer jobs and higher consumer costs. So wage hike bills in Republican-controlled legislatures, like Florida and South Carolina, are not expected to pass. In Florida, Gov. Rick Scott said the claim that working families need the boost to make ends meet makes him "cringe, because I know that statement is a lie."
"Even if we did raise the minimum wage, working families will still not be able to make ends meet on those jobs," Scott said. "We need good jobs that lead to good careers for our families, and that's what I am focused on."
Already, a Democrat-backed bill to increase Indiana's minimum wage by $1 was blocked by majority Republicans on a party-line vote Tuesday.
Win or lose, the legislation gives Democrats a potential weapon against Republican opponents. Eddie Vale, a Democratic strategist with close ties to labor unions, said Republicans who oppose a wage hike will face fierce criticism.
"There's a lot of people in this state that are making the minimum wage that are voting Republican right now," said House Democratic Caucus Chairman Mike Turner of Tennessee, where they plan to introduce a minimum wage bill this year. "Maybe if they see that they don't have their best interests in their heart, they might change their minds."』
MINIMUM WAGE BILLS PUSHED IN AT LEAST 30 STATES 26/1/2014Source
http://bigstory.ap.org/article/minimum-wage-bills-pushed-least-30-states
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